Joseph Beuys was born in Kleve, Germany on May 12, 1921. His first one-person exhibition was held in 1953 in Kranenburg. In 1961 he was appointed Professor at the Düsseldorf Art Academy, where he had earlier been a student, and he continued teaching there until 1972 when he was dismissed amidst great controversy, a dismissal that finally, in 1978, was deemed unlawful. From the beginning of the 1970s he exhibited widely throughout Europe and the United States, representing Germany at the Venice Biennale in 1976.
Joseph Beuys died January 23, 1986, in
Düsseldorf,
where he had lived for most of his career. Notable among the many
retrospectives
of his work are those held in New York in 1979, in Berlin in 1988, and
in Zürich, Madrid, and Paris in 1993-94.
Photograph by Lord Snowdon
"Creativity isn't the monopoly of artists. This is
the crucial fact I've come to realise, and this broader concept of
creativity
is my concept of art. When I say everybody is an artist, I mean
everybody
can determine the content of life in his particular sphere, whether in
painting, music, engineering, caring for the sick, the economy or
whatever.
All around us the fundamentals of life are crying out to be shaped or
created.
But our idea of culture is severely restricted because we've always
applied
it to art. The dilemma of museums and other cultural institutions stems
from the fact that culture is such an isolated field, and that art is
even
more isolated: an ivory tower in the field of culture surrounded first
by the whole complex of culture and education, and then by the media
which
are also part of culture. We have a restricted idea of culture which
debases
everything; and it is the debased concept of art that has forced
museums
into their present weak and isolated position. Our concept of art must
be universal and have the interdisciplinary nature of a university, and
there must be a university department with a new concept of art and
science".
1979, From an interview with Frans Hak